Calprotectin: Functions, Testing, and Health Risks

What Is Calprotectin?

Calprotectin is a protein released by certain white blood cells during inflammation. It helps the immune system fight infections and repair tissue damage.

Measuring calprotectin levels in the gastrointestinal tract provides valuable information about digestive health.

This test differentiates between functional bowel disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diseases that cause physical damage to the intestinal lining. 

In some cases, monitoring fecal calprotectin levels helps detect intestinal cancer or polyps.

When Is Calprotectin Testing Recommended?

Testing for stool calprotectin is commonly recommended in the following scenarios::

• Differentiate between functional bowel disorders (like IBS) and organic diseases (like IBD).
• Monitor inflammation in conditions like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
• Check for early recurrence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
• Detect intestinal neoplasms or tumors.
• Diagnose necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns.
• Assess drug effects that may harm the intestinal lining.
• Investigate persistent diarrhea or acute diarrheal syndromes.
• Evaluate recovery of the intestinal mucosa after infections.

How Is Calprotectin Testing Conducted?

The fecal calprotectin test involves analyzing a stool sample to measure the protein’s concentration. The process includes these steps:

• Sample Collection: The patient collects a small amount of stool in a sterile container.
• Laboratory Analysis: The sample is processed to determine calprotectin levels using specialized testing equipment.

Tests like comprehensive stool analyses include calprotectin as part of a broader assessment.

For the most accurate results, patients should follow these preparation guidelines:

• Maintain a normal diet for three days before testing.
• Avoid collecting stool samples within five days of:
  • Using enemas.
  • Undergoing X-rays or colonoscopy.
  • Taking medications that affect intestinal motility.

What Are the Normal Calprotectin Levels?

In adults, calprotectin levels typically range between 0-50 mcg/g.

Levels within this range suggest no significant inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Note: The units of measurement and normal ranges may vary depending on the laboratory and specific testing methods used.

What Do High Calprotectin Levels Mean?

Elevated calprotectin levels suggest significant inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include:

• Viral or Bacterial Infections: Pathogens trigger inflammation to fight off the infection.
• Food Allergies: Allergic reactions can inflame the intestinal lining.
• Cystic Fibrosis: This condition can affect digestion and cause inflammation.
• Obesity: Chronic inflammation is common in individuals with obesity.
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Includes conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
• Intestinal Damage from Medications: Certain drugs harm the gut lining, leading to inflammation.
• Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: Overuse of antibiotics disrupts gut health and increases inflammation.
• Malignant Intestinal Tumors: Cancer in the gastrointestinal tract can elevate calprotectin levels.

Recommendations

To manage high calprotectin levels:

• Follow a balanced, anti-inflammatory diet.
• Consult a doctor for proper treatment of underlying conditions.
• Avoid overusing medications that harm the intestinal lining.
• Manage stress, as it can worsen gut inflammation.
• Stay hydrated to support overall digestive health.

Which Specialist Should You Consult?

If your calprotectin levels are abnormal, the following specialists can provide guidance:

• Family Doctor or General Practitioner: For initial evaluation and referral.
• Pediatrician: For children showing symptoms of gut inflammation.
• Gastroenterologist: To diagnose and treat digestive conditions.