Urethral Swab: Test Preparation, Procedure and Results

Feb 01, 2025 | 4 min read

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The urethral swab test is a simple yet effective procedure designed to identify issues like sexually transmitted infections and urinary tract infections. Keep reading to learn how it works, why it’s performed, and what to expect.

What Is a Urethral Swab Test?

A urethral swab test is a simple medical test where a small, soft swab is used to collect a sample from the urethra.

Doctors use this test to find out if you have an infection or condition affecting your urethra. It checks for bacteria, viruses, or other germs that might cause problems.

This test can detect infections like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea and chlamydia

It can also help find other issues, like urinary tract infections (UTIs)

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Why Is a Urethral Swab Test Done?

Doctors recommend a urethral swab test to find out if you have an infection and what’s causing your symptoms.

You might need this test in situations like:

  • Unusual Discharge: Fluid from the urethra that is cloudy, yellow, or has a bad smell.
  • Painful Urination: A burning feeling when you urinate, which could mean an infection.
  • Unprotected Sex: If there’s a chance you were exposed to an STI.
  • Routine Checkups: Regular testing to monitor and protect your sexual health.

Early testing ensures effective management of infections and protects overall health. 

Preparing for the Test

Proper preparation can make your urethral swab test more comfortable and ensure accurate results. 

Do not urinate for at least 1 to 2 hours before the test. This will help maintain enough bacteria in the urethra for accurate detection.

Also, tell your doctor about any medications you take or health issues with your urethra.

How the Test Is Done

The urethral swab is a thin, sterile stick with a soft, absorbent tip designed to collect a sample safely. Using the right swab ensures accurate results and minimizes discomfort.

A urethral swab test is quick and straightforward. Here’s what to expect:

  1. Preparation: The doctor will ask you to lie down or stand comfortably.
  2. For Men: A soft, sterile swab is gently inserted into the tip of the penis to collect a sample.
    For Women: The swab is carefully inserted into the urethral opening near the vaginal area to collect the sample.
  3. Collection: The sample is then sent to a lab for analysis to check for infections or conditions.

You may feel slight discomfort or a brief stinging sensation, but the process is over quickly.

Urethral swab tool

Self-Collection Guidelines

Some urethral swab tests can be done at home using a self-collection kit. If your doctor provides this option, follow these steps to ensure accurate results:

  1. Wash Your Hands: Use soap and warm water to prevent contamination.
  2. Prepare the Swab: Open the sterile package carefully without touching the tip.
  3. Collect the Sample:
    • For Men: Gently insert the swab into the tip of the urethra and rotate it for a few seconds.
    • For Women: Insert the swab into the urethral opening and rotate it gently.
  4. Store the Sample: Place the swab into the provided tube or container and seal it properly.
  5. Send to Lab: Follow the instructions to send the sample for testing.

Self-collection is a convenient option, but it’s important to follow all steps correctly. If you’re unsure about the process, consult your doctor before taking the test.

Risks and Side Effects

A urethral swab test is safe and generally well-tolerated, but like any medical procedure, it can have minor risks or side effects:

  • Mild Discomfort: You may feel a brief stinging or irritation during or after the test. This typically goes away quickly.
  • Temporary Irritation: Some might notice slight redness or sensitivity at the urethral opening after the procedure.
  • Rare Risks: In very rare cases, there could be a minor risk of infection, but proper hygiene during the test minimizes this possibility.

Note: If you experience unusual symptoms such as severe pain in the affected area, fever, or persistent discomfort after the test, contact your doctor immediately

Understanding the Results

After your urethral swab test, your healthcare provider will inform you of the findings, typically negative or positive.

Negative Results (Not Detected)

A negative result means no harmful bacteria, viruses, or abnormal cells were found in your sample. This generally indicates that your urethra is healthy and shows no signs of inflammation or infection.

While a negative result is reassuring, it’s important to note:

  • If your symptoms persist despite a negative result, your doctor might investigate other potential causes.
  • Sometimes, additional tests like a urinalysis, blood test, or ultrasound may be needed to identify other issues.
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Positive Results (Detected)

A positive result means the test found harmful germs in your sample. 

These germs can cause infections that fall into two main categories: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs).

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

The test can detect germs that cause common STIs, including:

  • Gonorrhea: Caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it can lead to discharge and pain.
  • Chlamydia: Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, it may have mild symptoms or none at all but needs treatment.
  • Herpes (HSV): A virus that can cause sores, discomfort, or irritation in the genital area.
  • HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Some types of HPV can cause infections in the genital area, though this is less common.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

The test can also find bacteria linked to UTIs, which can cause pain or frequent urination. These include:

  • E. coli: The most common cause of UTIs, usually from bacteria entering the urethra.
  • Proteus: Bacteria that may cause infections in the urinary system.
  • Klebsiella: Another common bacteria found in people with recurring UTIs.

Your doctor will explain the results and recommend treatment based on the specific germ found. Treating the infection quickly can prevent complications and help you feel better faster.

Alternatives to a Urethral Swab Test

A urethral swab is not the only way to check for infections. Doctors may use other tests based on your symptoms and comfort level.

  • Urine Test: This is a simple test where you provide a urine sample. It can detect STIs like gonorrhea and chlamydia, as well as UTIs. It’s painless and commonly used.
  • Blood Test: Some infections, like syphilis or HIV, are best detected with a blood test. This test looks for signs of infection in your bloodstream.
  • PCR Test: This test looks for the genetic material of bacteria or viruses. It can be done with urine or a swab and is very accurate.
  • Swab from Other Areas: If a urethral swab isn’t possible, doctors might take a sample from the throat, rectum, or cervix, depending on the infection they are checking for.

A doctor will choose the best test based on your symptoms and risk factors. If you are uncomfortable with a urethral swab, ask your doctor about alternative options that may be suitable for you.

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