Leukocytes in Urine: Causes, Levels, and Recommendations

Nov 11, 2024 | 2 min read

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Leukocytes or white blood cells in urine, are essential biomarkers in the immune response. Their presence helps diagnose and monitor conditions like infections and inflammation in the kidneys, bladder, and other parts of the urinary system.

What Are Leukocytes in Urine?

Leukocytes are white blood cells that the body generates to fight off infections. They play an essential role in the immune system by identifying and attacking harmful bacteria, viruses, and other invaders. 

When leukocytes are found in urine, it usually means the body is responding to a problem in the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra

This response could be due to an infection or inflammation in one of these areas.

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Testing for leukocytes in urine is typically part of a routine urinalysis. It is often recommended when there are signs of a problem with the urinary system or kidneys. Here are common reasons for this test:

  • Symptoms of a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This includes painful urination, needing to urinate often, or cloudy urine.
  • Kidney Symptoms: Such as pain in the lower back or swelling.
  • After Surgery: To check for possible infections following surgery on the urinary tract or kidneys.
  • Routine Health Exams: As part of standard check-ups to ensure overall health.
  • Chronic Conditions: For people with diabetes or high blood pressure, which can impact kidney function.

How Is Leukocyte Testing Conducted?

Leukocyte testing is generally done as part of a urinalysis, which checks for various substances in the urine, including white blood cells.

Methods of leukocyte testing:

  1. Dipstick Test: A chemically treated strip is dipped into a urine sample. If leukocytes are present, the strip changes color.
  2. Microscopic Examination: The urine sample is analyzed under a microscope to count the number of leukocytes.
  3. Leukocyte Esterase Test: The leukocyte esterase test is part of the dipstick test that looks for an enzyme (specific protein) called leukocyte esterase, which is released by white blood cells. If the test shows a positive result, it means white blood cells are present in the urine, which could point to an infection or inflammation.

Preparations for the Test

  • Clean-Catch Method: To avoid contamination, it is often recommended to clean the genital area before collecting a urine sample.
  • Avoid Certain Substances: Refrain from using substances such as vaginal creams or douches before the test, as they may affect the results.

What Are the Normal Leukocyte Levels?

The normal range for leukocytes in urine can vary based on the individual's sex and age.

Standard values:

  • Males: 0-11 units/mcL
  • Females: 0-27 units/mcL

Note: The units of measurement and normal ranges may differ depending on the laboratory and the specific methods used.

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What Do High Levels Mean?

High levels of WBC in urine often point to an infection or inflammation within the urinary system.

Possible causes:

  • Holding in Urine: This may lead to bacterial growth, causing infection.
  • Kidney Infection: An advanced form of UTI that affects the kidneys.
  • Bladder Infection (Cystitis): Inflammation and infection of the bladder.
  • Kidney Stones: Stones can block urine flow, leading to infection and inflammation.
  • Urinary Tract Blockage: Caused by an obstruction that prevents normal urine flow.

Recommendations

  • Work with Your Doctor: Schedule an appointment to determine the underlying cause. Your doctor can recommend further tests or treatments based on your specific condition to help manage or resolve the issue effectively.
  • Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps flush out bacteria.
  • Incorporate Cranberries: These may support urinary health by preventing bacteria from sticking to the bladder walls.
  • Practice Good Hygiene: Simple habits like wiping from front to back and regularly washing the genital area can make a significant difference. This reduces the risk of infections.

Which Specialist Should You Consult?

If your urinalysis shows high or low levels of leukocytes, consulting a nephrologist is often recommended. Nephrologists specialize in kidney and urinary health and can guide you through appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment plans.

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